如何做詞匯理解題
　　在職稱考試中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些詞匯性選擇題。詞匯性選擇題主要是考察考生對(duì)一個(gè)詞匯或短語在特定語言環(huán)境下的確切含義。所考的詞匯主要有兩類： 一類是超出大綱詞匯表的詞匯，以前沒有見過的新詞，要求考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)出它的確切含義。另一類是熟詞僻義或者是舊詞新義（即原來學(xué)過的詞在新的語言環(huán)境下另有新義）。在這種情況下，考生以前知道的常規(guī)詞義往往都不是解。有的考生想通過查閱詞典來找出答案。實(shí)踐證明，對(duì)于這種考題，查閱詞典往往無濟(jì)于事?？忌欢ㄒ杏洠褐挥懈鶕?jù)上下文才能選出具體的，合乎文章內(nèi)容的正確詞義。因此考生在解題時(shí)，首先要對(duì)文章上下文有一個(gè)正確的理解，利用文章中所給出的線索或暗示來推斷詞義。根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義主要有以下幾種方法：
　　（1） 利用定義和釋義
　　有時(shí)在一篇文章中，作者估計(jì)到某個(gè)詞或詞組讀者可能不熟悉，就常常在這個(gè)詞或短語后面直接給出定義或換一種說法進(jìn)行解釋。例如：
　　They need to make their income meet the cost of living; so many people plan a family budget. A budget is a list of monthly expenses．
　　Experts in kinetics, in their study of body motions as related to speech, hope to discover new methods of communication.
　　He was a very astute buyer, estimating values very carefully and never allowing himself to be deceived.
　　Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
　　These medical students have decided to become pediatricians, that is, doctors specializing in the care and diseases of children.
　　A jetty——a wall built out into the water, protects the harbor.
　　To boycott a store means to refuse to shop in the store.
　　Jane is indecisive, that is, she can't make up her mind.
　　I thought they were old-fashioned, thinking too much of old ways and ideas.
　　Hausa, namely a language of the Sudan, is widely used as a trade language throughout western Africa.
　　An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself.
　　Holography, or three-dimensional photography, has many industrial applications.
　　Every once in a while in some part of the world or another, the ground suddenly shakes, and we call the event an earthquake.
　　Carbon monoxide （co） is a noxious gas which can cause death.
　　He had a wan look. He was so pale and weak that we thought he was ill.考試用書
　　Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel.
　?。?） 利用同義詞或反義詞
　　反義詞前通常有but ,however, not, yet, while, although, nevertheless, unlike, instead, in contrast等信號(hào)詞。
　　His naiveté, or innocence, was obvious.
　　My sister Kathy is lively and outgoing, however, I am rather introverted.
　　Mary was jubilant but Jane was sorrowful.
　　Danny was hesitant whereas Jean leaned forward eagerly.
　　Her shirt was clean but her shoes were grubby.
　　American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.
　　Their friends laughed at them, and my sisters felt wretched, very unhappy.
　　It has an enormous, a very powerful influence on our lives.
　　In an aging person the new cells may not be as viable or as capable of growth as those of a young man.
　?。?） 利用文中的舉例或暗示
　　The dromedary, like all desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water.
　?。ㄎ覀兛梢圆聹y(cè)dromedary 是一種沙漠里的動(dòng)物）
　　Nocturnal creatures, such as bats and owls, have highly developed senses that enable them to function in the dark.
　　（我們可以猜測(cè)nocturnal creatures是蝙蝠和貓頭鷹一類的動(dòng)物，進(jìn)而推測(cè)出"夜間活動(dòng)的動(dòng)物）
　　Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators, and color televisions.
　　I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, l won't give it up easily.
　　In the corner there is a Christmas tree decorated with shining ornaments, such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gifts.
　?。?） 利用構(gòu)詞法
　　英語中許多單詞吸收了古希臘語和拉丁語的特點(diǎn)，形成了詞根和詞綴（前綴和后綴）的特點(diǎn)。因此解和掌握一些常用的詞根、前綴和后綴的基本意思，對(duì)于我們擴(kuò)大詞匯量，分析一個(gè)單詞的各個(gè)組成部分并根據(jù)單詞的詞根、前綴或后綴的意義猜測(cè)詞義，是大有幫助的。
　　例如：
　　前綴 　　　　　　意思 　　　　　　　例詞
　　ante- 　　　　　before 　　　　anteroom, ante-Christian
　　poly　　　　　　 many　　　　　　 polytechnic
　　詞根 　　　　　　意思 　　　　　　　例詞
　　-anthro- 　　　　man 　　　　　anthropography
　　-homo- 　　　　　same　　　　　　　homophone
　　后綴 　　　　　　意思 　　　　　　　例詞
　　-ate 　　　　　　to make 　　　　　consolidate, isolate
　　-ous 　　　　　　full of 　　　　　　nervous, glorious
　　解題技巧：
　　面對(duì)詞匯題，考生要注意兩個(gè)問題：其一，如果所遇的是普通詞匯，切忌通過自己所掌握的某個(gè)含義來對(duì)它進(jìn)行選擇，而應(yīng)緊扣該詞匯出現(xiàn)處的上下文內(nèi)容對(duì)該詞的含義進(jìn)行推斷。因?yàn)橥@類詞匯是多義詞，你所掌握的含義只是它最常用的一個(gè)含義，而不一定是在這篇文章中的含義。因此，你只有切實(shí)依據(jù)上下文，在特定的語境中方能獲取這個(gè)詞的確切含義。其二，面對(duì)生僻詞，首先要樹立信心，不要因不熟悉該詞而放棄，應(yīng)結(jié)合上下文對(duì)這個(gè)詞可能的含義進(jìn)行合理推測(cè)。在進(jìn)行合理推測(cè)時(shí)掌握一些規(guī)律，即如果這是一個(gè)很少用的生僻詞，上下文中一般都會(huì)對(duì)它進(jìn)行定義或解釋。定義或解釋所用措詞一般都是常用詞和常用句式。你只要找到這些句子，這個(gè)詞匯的含義就很容易獲得。如果它只是一個(gè)一般的生僻詞或超出大綱范圍的一般詞匯，你完全可以通過該詞出現(xiàn)的上下文含義對(duì)它進(jìn)行大膽推測(cè)